October 2012 - Waqar-Ul-Islam

The Microscope And Methods Of Microscopy

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OHfrwYiCrm4/UHfiDgXwBvI/AAAAAAAAAC4/blmmvxcfw68/s1600/Microscope+-+PathLabStudy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OHfrwYiCrm4/UHfiDgXwBvI/AAAAAAAAAC4/blmmvxcfw68/s200/Microscope+-+PathLabStudy.jpg" width="111" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The microscope is among the most essential and most frequently used  instruments in the laboratory. An instrument of recent manufacture is  always desirable. There is no choice among microscopes insofar as the  optical systems are concerned, but a particular type of standard design  may be preferred. Their general construction is shown in figure. They  should be handled and carried only by the arm in order to avoid strain  on the coarse and fine adjusting mechanisms.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Darkfield Microscopy</div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. <a href="http://pathlabstudy.blogspot.com/2012/10/phase-microscopy.html">Phase Microscopy</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>

The Microscope And Methods Of Microscopy

The Microscope And Methods Of Microscopy

The microscope is among the most essential and most frequently used instruments in the laboratory. An instrument of recent manufacture is ...

02:29

Phase Microscopy

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">One of the significant advances in microscopy is the development of the phase microscope. Anything less than a mathematical explanation of the principles involved would be inadequate. Therefore, the interested reader is referred to the literature on this subject obtainable from any of the leading manufacturers of laboratory optical equipment. Special equipment is required consisting of phase contrast objectives and a set of annular diaphragms for the special substage condenser.<br />The place of phase microscopy in diagnostic bacteriology is not yet established. The internal structure of cells, including microorganism, is so sharply revealed, however, as to rival the results obtained with the electron microscope. But at the present time it appears that practical applications are confined largely to the examination of tissue (tumor) cells, spermatozoa, urinary sediments, sputum, stomach and duodenal contents and feces, examined in wet preparations.</span></div></div>

Phase Microscopy

Phase Microscopy

One of the significant advances in microscopy is the development of the phase microscope. Anything less than a mathematical explanation of t...

02:04

Introduction To Malarial Parasite

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">Malaria is a potentially serious disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodia. Plasmodia parasite are transmitted between humans by the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito, which can carry the parasite. An Anopheles mosquito can only infect a person with malaria if it has already bitten a person with malaria.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />After the malaria Plasmodia parasites enter the human bloodstream, they travel to the liver and reproduce quickly. In most forms of malaria, some parasites stay in the liver to multiple while others flow into the bloodstream. Once in the blood, the malaria parasites destroy the red blood cells, which carry vital oxygen to the tissues of the body. The malaria Plasmodia parasites that stayed in the liver also continue to reproduce and send more parasites into the blood.<br /><br />The process of malaria results in repeated attacks of symptoms each time the malaria parasites are released into the blood. Symptoms first appear in about eight to 30 days after a bite from an infected mosquito. Symptoms are flu-like and can include fever, fatigue, fever, nausea and chills.<br /><br />Malaria can result in anemia (a decreased number of red blood cells). The remains of the destroyed red blood cells clump together and cause blockages in the blood vessels. This can result in brain damage or kidney damage, which is potentially fatal. A particularly serious, potentially life-threatening, form of malaria is called falciparum malaria.<br /><br />Attacks of malaria can occur for years if it is not diagnosed and treated. Eventually, the body's immune system may develop a defense against malaria attack, and they may become less severe in some people. If a person can survive a bout of falciparum malaria, repeat attacks do not recur.<br /><br />Making a diagnosis of malaria begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms and travel history, and completing a physical examination. Recent travel to sub-tropical or tropical areas of the world is an important clue that may increase the suspicion of a diagnosis of malaria.<br /><br />Diagnostic testing includes blood tests that check for the Plasmodia parasites that cause malaria. A series of test may need to be done to definitely rule-out or diagnose malaria. A <b>Complete Blood Count (CBC) </b>can detect anemia, which can occur with malaria.</div></div>

Introduction To Malarial Parasite

Introduction To Malarial Parasite

Malaria is a potentially serious disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodia. Plasmodia parasite are transmitted between humans by the bit...

05:50

Introduction To Microbiology

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">The branch of biology that deals with the living organism (microbes) that can be seen only by microscope is called <b>microbiology</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Microbiology is an amazing science concerned with the study of microorganisms and their activities in the environment, their ecological role, their interaction with other forms of living organism, their relationship with human, their harmful effects and their beneficial applications. Microbiology is comparatively a new science.</div> </div>

Introduction To Microbiology

Introduction To Microbiology

The branch of biology that deals with the living organism (microbes) that can be seen only by microscope is called microbiology . Microbiolo...

05:41

Breakdown Of The Red Blood Cell

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">As a red cell ages, there will be a decrease in many of its enzymes, a decrease in ATP, and the cell will tend to become smaller and slightly more dense. Destruction of the red blood cell most commonly occurs in the bone marrow, through phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial cells. As soon as this occurs, there is breakdown of the hemoglobin. The iron is freed for reuse by new red cells, and the amino acids, from the globin, are returned to the amino acid pool. The protoporphyring ring is broken at one of the methene bridges and biliverdin is formed. The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin, which is carried by the plasma albumin to the liver for eventual excretion. If hemoglobin is released directly into the blood, it becomes attached to haptoglobin (a globulin), taken to the reticuloendothelial cell, and processed in the normal way. Free hemoglobin in the blood may be oxidized to methemoglobin. The heme groups will then combine with hemopexin, leave the circulation, and be catabolized. If there is an excess of heme groups, they will combine with albumin to form methemalbumin until hemopexin becomes available.</div> </div>

Breakdown Of The Red Blood Cell

Breakdown Of The Red Blood Cell

As a red cell ages, there will be a decrease in many of its enzymes, a decrease in ATP, and the cell will tend to become smaller and slightl...

05:28

Biochemistry Of The Red Blood Cell

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">The mature red cells consists primarily of hemoglobin (about 95% of the dry weight). The membrane is composed of lipids and proteins in addition, there are numerous enzymes present in the red cell which are necessary for oxygen transport and cell viability. The red cell derives its energy from the breakdown of glucose. About 90% of the glycolysis in the red cell follows the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. In this way, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is generated and used to control the follow of sodium and potassium into and out of the red cell, maintain the biconcave shape of the cell, and protect the membrane lipids. The remaining 10% of the glucose molecules will follow the hexose-monophosphate shunt, where reduced glutathione is made available to prevent oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin. The methemoglobin reductase pathway maintain the iron, present in the hemoglobin molecule, in a functional state (Fe++). Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), present in the early stages of the maturing red cell, are absent in the mature red blood cell.</div> </div>

Biochemistry Of The Red Blood Cell

Biochemistry Of The Red Blood Cell

The mature red cells consists primarily of hemoglobin (about 95% of the dry weight). The membrane is composed of lipids and proteins in addi...

05:22

Hemoglobin Structure And Synthesis

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iIv_3bjj-tU/UHa3JJFh0II/AAAAAAAAACo/Q1ZXns-v-Tg/s1600/Structure+Of+The+Heme+Molecule+-+PathLabStudy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iIv_3bjj-tU/UHa3JJFh0II/AAAAAAAAACo/Q1ZXns-v-Tg/s200/Structure+Of+The+Heme+Molecule+-+PathLabStudy.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Structure Of Heme Molecule</b></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Hemoglobin is made up of the protein, globin and heme. In normal adult hemoglobin, the globin portion of each molecule consists of four polypeptide chains: two alpha and beta chains. These chains, in turn, are composed of 141 and 146 amino acids (Arranged in a specific sequence), respectively. Each chain is bent and coiled. The heme group is composed of four pyrrole rings connected by methene bridges. In the center of this structure is an atom of iron to which oxygen is attached, when the iron is in the ferrous state (Fe--). One heme molecule will be attached to each of the alpha and beta chains come together to form a tetramer. The single hemoglobin molecule, therefore, consists of two alpha chains, two beta chains, and four heme groups (thus, four atoms of iron). Mature red blood cells are incapable of hemoglobin synthesis. The production of heme and globin takes place independently of each other, beginning in the polychromatic normoblast, and ending in the reticulocyte stage. The pyrrole rings, connected by the methene bridges, are formed in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the red cell precursor. The globin is manufactured in the ribosomes of the immature red cell. The transfer of iron into the red cell precursor is carried out by transferrin, a globulin (also called siderophilin). Each molecule of transferrin can bind two molecule of iron. The transferrin attaches to the red cell, and the iron passes through the membrane and into the red cell to form the completed heme molecule each heme group then becomes attached to an alpha or beta chain. Two of these alpha chains and two beta chains then combine with each other to form the completed hemoglobin molecule.</div></div>

Hemoglobin Structure And Synthesis

Hemoglobin Structure And Synthesis

Structure Of Heme Molecule Hemoglobin is made up of the protein, globin and heme. In normal adult hemoglobin, the globin portion of each mo...

05:13

Red Blood Cells (RBC's)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JTtHGk3Cdo0/UHa0QC1VWHI/AAAAAAAAACY/7RjU5ueRoWs/s1600/Red+Blood+Cells+-+PathLabStudy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="135" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JTtHGk3Cdo0/UHa0QC1VWHI/AAAAAAAAACY/7RjU5ueRoWs/s200/Red+Blood+Cells+-+PathLabStudy.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Red Blood Cells (RBC's)</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. The main function of the red blood cell is to transport oxygen to the tissues. Production of red blood cells is called <b>erythropoiesis</b>. Erythropoiesis is initiated by a hormone produced by the kidney called <b>erythropoietin</b>. When a person's hemoglobin level is below normal, his tissues will not receive an adequate supply of oxygen, and this will stimulate the kidneys to increase their production of erythropoietin. The increased erythropoietin will then stimulate the stem cells of the bone marrow to differentiate into the pronormoblast, and there will be an increased number of red blood cells produced. As the red cells are maturing they undergo several cellular division. Once the orthochromic normoblast stage is reached, however, the cell is no longer capable of mitosis but will continue to mature in the bone marrow. The reticulocyte remains in the marrow for approximately two days and is then released into the peripheral blood. The red cells of the circulating blood have a lifespan of approximately 120 days, +20 or -20 days.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Size:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">6.7 to 7.7 micro in diameter.<br /><b>Cytoplasm:</b> Pink in color.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></span>The mature red blood cell is a non nucleated, round, biconcave cell.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">   </span></span></div></div>

Red Blood Cells (RBC's)

Red Blood Cells (RBC's)

Red Blood Cells (RBC's) The red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. The main function of the red blood cell is to transport oxy...

05:02

Identification Of Cells

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">In identifying a cell the technologist should think in the following terms:<br />1. What is the size of the cell?<br />  A. Small<br />  B. Medium<br />  C. Large<br />2. What are the characteristics of the nucleus?<br />  A. Shape<br />  B. Relative size<br />  C. Chromatin pattern: smooth or coarse<br />  D. Presence of nucleoli<br />3. What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm?<br />  A. Granular or non-granular: specific or nonspecific granules<br />  B. Color (staining properties)<br />  C. Relative amount</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">When attempting to identify a cell, it is important also to note the degree to which the cells are taking up the stain. For example, if all cells seem bluer than usual, this may be due to poor staining technique and cell identification must be made accordingly.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">  <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span></div>

Identification Of Cells

Identification Of Cells

In identifying a cell the technologist should think in the following terms: 1. What is the size of the cell? A. Small B. Medium C. Lar...

04:48

Hematopoiesis

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GJfzJngU3Ug/UHau6KD9jPI/AAAAAAAAACI/xmQquwjJjBw/s1600/Hematopoiesis+-+PathLabStudy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GJfzJngU3Ug/UHau6KD9jPI/AAAAAAAAACI/xmQquwjJjBw/s1600/Hematopoiesis+-+PathLabStudy.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Hematopoiesis</b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC's) reside in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow) and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types. HSC's are self renewing: when they proliferate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSC's, so the pool of stem cells does not become depleted. The other daughters of HSC's (myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells), however can each commit to any of the alternative differentiation pathways that lead to the production of one or more specific types of blood cells, but cannot self-renew. This is one of the vital processes in the body.</div></div>

Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC's) reside in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow) and have the unique ability to give ris...

04:41

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