Waqar-Ul-Islam

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RskmOdxXIRw/Ud5waQP5NUI/AAAAAAAAAHg/vOUD9EBE2_U/s1600/Red-Blood-Cells-PLS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RskmOdxXIRw/Ud5waQP5NUI/AAAAAAAAAHg/vOUD9EBE2_U/s200/Red-Blood-Cells-PLS.jpg" width="124" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: large;"><i>Mature Red Blood Cell </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Size: 6.7 to 7.7 μ in diameter.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Cytoplasm: Pink in color.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">The mature red blood cell is a nonnucleated, round, biconcave cell.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>Erythropoiesis:</i>The main function of the red blood cell is to transport oxygen to the tissues. Production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) is initiated by a hormone produced by the kidney called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">erythropoietin</i>. When a person’s hemoglobin level is below normal, his tissues will not receive an adequate supply of oxygen, and this will stimulate the kidneys to increase their production of erythropoietin. The increased erythropoietin will then stimulate the stem cells of the bone marrow to differentiate into the pronormoblast, and there will be an increased number of red blood cells produced. As the red cells are maturing they undergo several cellular divisions. Once the orthochromic normoblast stage is reached, however, the cell is no longer capable of mitosis but will continue to mature in the bone marrow. The reticulocyte remains in the marrow for approximately two days and is then released into the peripheral blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The red cells of the circulating blood have a lifespan of approximately 120 days, ±20 days.<span style="font-family: "MS Shell Dlg 2"; font-size: 8.5pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hemoglobin structure and synthesis:</i> Hemoglobin is made up of the protein, globin, and heme. In normal adult hemoglobin, the globin portion of each molecule consists of four polypeptide chains: two α and two β chains. These chains, in turn, are composed of 141 and 146 amino acids (arranged in a specific sequence), respectively. Each chain is bent and coiled. The heme group is composed of four pyrrole rings connected by methene bridges. In the center of this structure is an atom of iron to which oxygen is attached, when the iron is in the ferrous state (Feˉˉ).<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GNt-zjYzvRE/Ud5yneC8gjI/AAAAAAAAAH0/nhx2rhhon8c/s1600/HEMOGLOBIN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="164" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GNt-zjYzvRE/Ud5yneC8gjI/AAAAAAAAAH0/nhx2rhhon8c/s200/HEMOGLOBIN.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>One heme molecule will be attached to each of the α and β chains. Two α and two β chains come together to form a tetramer. The single hemoglobin molecule, therefore, consists of two α chains, two β chains, and four heme groups (thus, four atom of iron). Mature red blood cells are incapable of hemoglobin synthesis. The production of heme and globin takes place independently of each other, beginning in the polychromatic normoblast, and ending in the reticulocyte stage.<br /><br /><br />Author: Dayyal Anand <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.copyscape.com/plagiarism-scanner/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Protected by Copyscape Plagiarism Scanner" border="0" height="16" src="http://banners.copyscape.com/images/cs-gy-3d-234x16.gif" title="Protected by Copyscape Plagiarism Checker - Do not copy content from this page." width="234" /></a></div></div>

Mature Red Blood Cell

Mature Red Blood Cell Size: 6.7 to 7.7 μ in diameter. Cytoplasm: Pink in color. The mature red blood cell is a nonnucleated, round, biconca...

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Mein Pal Do Pal Ka Shayer Hun (Mukesh) - Kabhi Kabhi

Mein Pal Do Pal Ka Shayer Hun (Mukesh) - Kabhi Kabhi

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Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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Hemostasis

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Platelets maintain capillary intergrity. In The absence of platelets, red cells will migrate through the vessel walls in large numbers. In addition, platelets play a major role in the hemostatic process.</span></span><br /><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Within one to two seconds after injury to a blood vessels, platelets come in contact with, and adhere to the injured tissues (platelets adhesiveness). Serotonin (which may assist in vasoconstriction), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), are released by the platelets. the ADP released by the platelets, and also by the injured tissues, causes the platelets to stick to one another (in vivo, this termed platelet cohesiveness; in vitro, this characteristic is known as platelet aggregation), forming a platelet plug.</span></span><br /><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Thrombin is generated, due to the presence of tissue thromboplastin (F.III) from the damage cells, and activation of the intrinsic system by collagen. The thrombin causes a denser, irreversible cohesion of the platelets. The platelets undergo disruption, releasing more ADP and a phospholipid termed platelet factor 3. This phospholipid is then free to act in the intrinsic coagulation system. The thrombin present is free to convert fibrinogen to fabrin, and this network stabilizes the already formed platelet plug. The protien, thrombasthenin, present in the platelets, further strengthens this hemostatic plug. In Vitro, this last step is termed clot retraction, and may be observed when blood is allowed to clot in tube. After a period of time, the clot will decrease in size and clear serum will be expressed from the clot.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Author: Dayyal Anand </span></span></div></div>

Hemostasis

Platelets maintain capillary intergrity. In The absence of platelets, red cells will migrate through the vessel walls in large numbers. In ...

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Blood Clotting Process

Blood Clotting Process

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Mature Red Blood Cell

Mein Pal Do Pal Ka Shayer Hun (Mukesh) - Kabhi Kabhi

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Hemostasis

Blood Clotting Process

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